In most human cells, it is abundant, measuring up to 5 millimoles (an international unit in chemistry/physics)
Each box contains 10 ampoules of 5ml, with 25mg of Thioctic Acid per ampoule
The shots left her with hundreds of scars and $1 million dollars in medical bills
This may explain some of its protective effects on various tissues
Abbreviations BDG: Bilirubin diglucuronide BMG: Bilirubin monoglucuronide BVRA: Biliverdin reductase A BVRB: Biliverdin reductase B NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease HMOX: Heme oxygenase HRG1: Heme-responsive gene-1 FNP-1: Ferroprotein ABCG5: ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 ABCG8: ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 8 BACH1: BTB and CNC homology 1 BLVR: Biliverdin reductase BVRA: Biliverdin reductase A BVRB: Biliverdin reductase B FNP1: Ferroportin 1 HMOX: Heme oxygenase HMOX1: Heme oxygenase 1 HMOX2: Heme oxygenase 2 HRG1: Heme-responsive gene 1 MRP2: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 UGT1A1 : UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 FXR: Farnesoid X receptor PXR: Pregnane X receptor CAR: Constitutive androstane receptor ASBT: Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter OATP: Organic anion transporting polypeptide TNF-: Tumour necrosis factor- alpha IL-1 : Interleukin-1 LSECs: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells IBABP: Ileal bile acid-binding protein BSH: Bile salt hydrolase from bacteria FGF19/15 : Fibroblast growth factor 19/15 TGR5: G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 SHP: Small heterodimer partner References Costa CJ, Nguyen MTT, Vaziri H, Wu GY (2024) Genetics of gallstone disease and their clinical significance: a narrative review
Horowitz AM, Fan X, Bieri G, Smith LK, Sanchez-Diaz CI, Schroer AB, et al
