B12 supports red blood cell production and nerve function
Circulation 136:11671169 Bosch A, Ott C, Jung S, Striepe K, Karg MV, Kannenkeril D, Dienemann T, Schmieder RE (2019) How does empagliflozin improve arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nutritional Information Carnitine Quick Facts Sources Animal Products Carnitine Quick Facts Applications Fat Burning, Heart Disease, Heart Failure, High Cholesterol, Improved Athletic Performance, Weight Loss, Male Infertility Optimum Dosage Carnitine And Acetyl-L-Carnitine 500-2000 Mg Daily
The neurological benefits are likely attributable to enhanced insulin signaling and decreased neuroinflammation, mechanisms directly pertinent to diabetes problems
Pharmacological Reports , 2018 Anti-Inflammatory Effects It reduces levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF- and IL-6 while modulating nitric oxide (NO) pathways that contribute to gut permeability and motility issues
They reduce A1c by 1% to 1.5%, whereas products like the DPP-4s and SGLT2s at the high end can get up to 1% reduction