Most side effects diminish within the first month or two of treatment
It is an abbreviated version of a chapter from VAT-TRAP: The GLP-1 Advantage
Broadly, studies suggest GLP-1RAs exert their neuroprotective effects in the retina by mediating reduced glutamate excitotoxicity, decreased neuroinflammation, prevention of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, promotion of vascular integrity, promotion of an anti-oxidative environment, and maintenance of glial cells (i.e
Subjects and methods The systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines (Appendix S1) [12] and were registered with the Open Science Framework ( The literature search, data transfer accuracy, and statistics were each double-checked by at least two of the authors
Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, et al
In people with type 2 diabetes, this balance is disrupted, leading to persistently high glucose levels