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In general, under physiological conditions, substances can cross the BBB through five pathways, including passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, and efflux pumps[31, 32] (Fig
Moreover, the association observed in some epidemiological studies could be sustained by the fact that T2DM and TC could share some common risk factors, such as obesity and increasing age (Kitahara et al., 2020), and TC is often diagnosed incidentally in patients with T2DM due to the performance of screening imaging (such as carotid artery ultrasound), potentially leading to a selection bias ( The second reason why anti-diabetic drugs could be beneficial in TC is that TC cells often display abnormal metabolic pathways that could be sensitive to the specific action of anti-diabetic drugs
Excess iron content was detected in lysosomes of proximal tubule epithelial cells, which could induce renal dysfunction in DKD patients and mice[80]