Finally, Phase III corresponds to elimination
Results showed that adults taking a GLP-1 has a 74% lower risk of death and an 84% lower risk of a heart attack
In an animal study, LIF knock-out mice showed decreased astrocyte and microglial cell activities compared to wild type mice.54 Various insults to the CNS may induce over-expression of LIF, which may lead to neurobehavioral abnormalities similar to schizophrenia.56 Additionally, LIF gene polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia and working memory deficit.57 Another cytokine, TNF-, has an important role in neuronal activity in the CNS.5859 TNF- is usually maintained at low level under normal physiological conditions.60 However, when the microenvironment in the CNS is altered by injuries such as physical head trauma, infection, and ischemic attack, TNF- is activated by glial cells.6162 Interestingly, TNF- has a pivotal role in mediating neurogenesis via its receptors, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1 and TNFR-2
Stress and the brain: an emerging role for selenium
J Am Soc Hypertension
Pharmacol Rev 2000;52(4):673751