Administration and practical considerations Getting the protocol right on paper is one thing
After 812 h, the microbial metabolites 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone and 5-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone (see section 6.1 Pre-systemic metabolism: role of gut microbiota) were present in urine ( As for the half-lives (t) of Pycnogenol components and metabolites in vivo , small molecules revealed short to intermediate terminal t of 4.42 2.47 h for caffeic acid, 6.87 3.83 h for ferulic acid and 8.89 2.81 h for taxifolin (Figure 2) (55)
SD: Resources, Data curation, Writing original draft
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.008 75 LiebermanOJSulzerD
Phosphatidylcholine from pure sunflower seed lecithin
Pertea, M., Kim, D., Pertea, G