Others are pure marketing hype
GLP-1 stands for Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, which is a hormone in the body that is involved in blood sugar regulation and appetite control
In a pilot trial evaluating 104 amnestic MCI and early-stage AD patients, 20 IU and 40 IU doses of intranasal insulin improved Alzheimers Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog 12) scores compared to placebo-treated patients, with improvements in delayed recall observed 2 months following cessation of treatment in the 20 IU group
Liver macrophages in tissue homeostasis and disease
Also, eating a balanced diet can help prevent blood sugar surges, as protein, fat, and fiber may help slow glucose absorption (AHA 2014
2001, AOD-9604 lost most of this fat-metabolism effect in mice that were genetically missing the beta-3 adrenergic receptor, suggesting that pathway carries part of the signal