Endocr J 61:159166
Altern Med Rev 1997;1:155-176
Injected vitamins are more effective than pill form supplements because they enter directly into the bloodstream, as opposed to first traveling through the digestive tract, then being absorbed into the bloodstream where they lose some of their potency
Sikiric et al., 2020b), additionally acting as membrane stabilizer (Park et al., 2020), with particular reference to ulcerative colitis (Sikiric et al., 2011)
It promotes angiogenesis through VEGF pathway activation, modulates nitric oxide production, and produces cytoprotective effects in connective tissue, vascular endothelium, and gastrointestinal epithelium
Individuals with malabsorption conditions, severe deficiency, or those who havent responded to oral supplements typically benefit most from injections