This catalytic reaction of GPX4 follows a tert-uni ping pong mechanism, involving redox reactions of the selenocysteine (Ursini and Bindoli, 1987)
Subcutaneous injections are commonly used for systemic benefits, while topical applications may target localized skin concerns
The most defensible reading is to treat each compounds own within-trial data as its evidence and to treat any cross-compound ranking as a hypothesis, not a result
Is it possible to overcome issues of external validity in preclinical animal research
Any references to skin, follicle, or extracellular-matrix pathways are provided only for research context and do not imply cosmetic or clinical use
In 2024, both were removed from Category 2 after the nominations were withdrawn, not because they were judged safe