In rare cases, B12 deficiency can be caused by pernicious anemia
In people without pernicious anemia, about 0.5 g/day of B12 is reabsorbed by enterohepatic circulation in which B12-containing bile is secreted by the liver into the digestive tract where the B12 is then reabsorbed via intrinsic factor
In medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury models, BPC-157 administered intraperitoneally (10 g or 10 ng/kg once daily), topically as a cream layer, or orally in drinking water consistently produced functional, biomechanical, macroscopic, and histological healing improvements throughout the 90-day study period
Comparing BPC-157 to alternatives helps contextualize its value
Finally, the long-term, whole-body effects of administering a peptide that is normally restricted to the stomach remain completely unknown
It is especially beneficial for people with diagnosed B12 deficiency, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and difficulty losing weight