Approved health claims: Vitamin B12 contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism and reduction of tiredness and fatigue, Vitamin B12 contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue Calcium contributes to normal muscle function, Calcium contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG) Rejuvenation study in humans showed reduced biological aging markers over 7 months Study L-Carnitine Meta-analysis shows benefits for physical performance and recovery Study Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) Shown to support mitochondrial function and reduce fatigue Study These ingredients are studied individually but their combined effect lies in how they support the same energy system
10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91481-3 Ohtani Y, Endo F, Matsuda I: Carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia associated with valproic acid therapy
Some patients report bruising in the treated area, which can last for a few days to a couple of weeks
In clinical trials, these effects usually eased as people settled on a stable dose
Fang M, Wang D, Coresh J, Selvin E
Ferroptosis: A double-edged sword