Environmental factors contribute to contamination risk
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2977 37 FoxJTTullidgeGM
It plays a fundamental role in numerous metabolic and biochemical reactions such as DNA synthesis and repair, protein synthesis, prostaglandin synthesis, amino acid transport, and enzyme activation
The lyophilized powder is kept sealed, cold (-20C to -80C), and protected from light and moisture until use
A B12 shot is an intramuscular injection that delivers vitamin B12 directly into muscle tissue, while a B12 IV infusion delivers B12 alongside hydrating fluids and complementary nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a vein
It does not sterilize the vial, and it does not kill everything that enters